The City of Indianapolis proposes to construct a new bridge over the White River and to construct an approach to the bridge on Henry Street from Kentucky Avenue. The purpose of the proposed project is to provide connectivity between facilities on each side of the White River and to reduce existing congestion on adjacent roadways.

Yes, Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (1966) requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic and archaeological resources. Since this project required a federal permit from the US Army Corps of Engineers, it was the subject of a Section 106 study. The Section 106 study was concluded with the execution of a Memorandum of Agreement on November 3, 2022. The Section 106 study followed the process mandated by law.

The City of Indianapolis owns the Henry Street right of way.

No. While the City will consult property owners in the development of the Henry Street bridge project, the City’s project and the former Diamond Chain property are not connected.

The portion of the burial ground within the project’s footprint will be excavated as needed to install the proposed improvements or as directed by the State Historic Preservation Office. If any human remains are encountered within this area as part of this project, they will be treated respectfully and moved. The relocation of these remains will be addressed in the city’s reburial plan, which is currently under development.

Much of the burial ground is beyond the limits of the right of way for this project and is not owned by the City.

All archaeological investigations will be conducted under the supervision of archaeologists meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards (30 CFR Part 61) for archaeology and Indiana Code (IC) 14-21-1, 312 Indiana Administrative Code (IAC) 21, and 312 IAC 22.

In June 2024, the city entered into a contract with Stantec, an engineering services company, to provide a proactive archaeological approach to the site. Learn more about this.

The project is subject to permitting regulations, per Indiana Code. A Burial Ground Development Plan has been filed with the State. An updated archaeological work plan will be submitted to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources/Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology (IDNR/DHPA) to reflect the city’s revised approach to excavation, including the addition of Stantec. We expect to encounter human remains, burial objects, and grave markers. Our consultant is developing a systematic and methodical approach to excavation. Upon a discovery, the IDNR/DHPA will be notified of the discovery within two (2) business days as required by Indiana Code (IC) 14-21-1-27 and 29.

The archaeological monitoring plan details the process for excavation, analysis, and relocation of the unmarked burials encountered. This plan is required under IC 14-21-1-26 and has been provided to the Indianapolis Department of Public Works and to the IDNR/DHPA.

A reburial plan will be filed with the DHPA prior to any re-interment.

Indiana University Indianapolis is conducting the analysis on the human remains. Human remains will be stored in their secure facility during analysis and until re-interment occurs.

Appropriate forms will be filed with the Marion County Recorder’s office and with the IDNR/DHPA, documenting the original location of identified graves and relocation information.

The City of Indianapolis is paying for the archaeology in the Henry Street right of way, construction of the bridge, and associated roadway approaches. Other roadway improvements, which are part of the larger development, are being paid for by the Indiana Economic Development Corporation, or a cost share between the entities.

Yes. Several State statutes and administrative rules afford protection of human remains, burials, burial objects, grave markers, and cemeteries in the State of Indiana. Discovery, disturbance, excavation, vandalism, disinterment, re-interment, and nearby development are among many things regulated by statutes and code.

In anticipation of archaeological excavation, research for this project began in 2021 as the cemetery development plan and monitoring plans were prepared. The archaeological monitoring first occurred in 2022, with the geotechnical borings. It is anticipated that archaeological monitoring (per the IDNR permit) will occur in 2024.

A reburial plan will address the handling of remains and artifacts. However, that plan is still being drafted due to the complexity of the project and the site and the anticipated volume of remains and artifacts. The city will work with the Community Advisory Group, consultants, descendants and the community during that process.

Yes, burials will be screened from public view and site security will be maintained. Efforts will be made to recover all evident human remains by the end of the archaeological workday, and security will be provided for any human remains still present after hours and over weekends.

Certain parts of the archaeological report will be made available publicly, as allowed by State law; other parts cannot be made public due to the state confidentiality law associated with the protection of archaeological sites.

Artifacts are collected and labeled with field specimen numbers. Both burial and non-burial artifacts are taken to the laboratory, where they are cleaned, cataloged, and labeled with the accession number provided by the curation facility. They will be photographed for the report. Non-burial artifacts will be taken to the curation facility, as determined by the City.

Any human remains and associated burial objects and items, if recovered, will be reinterred with the burial.

After inventory and analysis, recovered human remains and all burial objects and associated items will be stored in a safe and secure facility until proper re-interment in an appropriately dedicated cemetery. Attempts will be made during re-interment to follow the original layout of the burials as recorded, if possible. (Research has revealed that burials in the old burying ground did not always occur in the orderly linear fashion to which we are accustomed.) The re-interment area will be appropriately recorded, identified, and marked. We are presently looking for cemeteries that will accept these burials.

It may not be possible to identify individuals due to the nature of the burials (i.e., incomplete records, no burial markers, disturbed context). We believe that we will have general identifiers – such as age, gender, and ethnicity. On rare occasions, burial artifacts can provide identifying information.

Non-destructive information, such as metric and non-metric characteristics, dental analysis, paleopathology, osteometrics (pre- and postmortem), observable genetic traits, and any cultural information, will be recorded for each burial in a burial form database.

DNA analysis is destructive; it can be useful only if a potential relative’s DNA is on file in an available database for comparison purposes. Given the time that has elapsed (100-200 years) since burial, this analysis would probably not yield fruitful results in connecting the burials with descendants. It will likely not be employed.

The City would like to recognize the burial ground with an appropriate monument and marker. The City will collaborate with local stakeholders to determine that form. There are areas along Henry Street designated for markers or art, but it is really too early to say definitely the form of the recognition.

Newspaper accounts refer to a “colored cemetery” along the White River. Research has not revealed a precise location, and it has not yet been located on historic maps.

Research indicates that prior to the Civil War, African Americans purchased burial lots within the larger area known as Greenlawn. Documentary research also shows that there was an area within Union Cemetery set aside for African American purchase, but research is ongoing to ascertain who actually purchased the lots and who was buried in that area. However, historical records also refer to a “colored cemetery” or a portion of Greenlawn that was referred to as the “colored cemetery,” but its location has not been verified through research.

We anticipate being able to identify the age, gender, and ethnicity of the remains.

The laboratory analysis of human remains will occur at an Indiana University Indianapolis laboratory supervised by bioarcheologists and forensic anthropology professionals meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and the physical anthropology qualifications under 312 IAC 22-3-4.

Grave markers have previously been removed or relocated from their associated burials. Professionals are conducting research into the ownership of the burial plots; however, it is not known at this time if it will be possible to identify specific individual burials and their present-day family members.

Laboratory analysis and historical research materials can be paired to provide any individual or familial identification after the burials have been removed.

The laboratory analysis of human remains will occur at an Indiana University Indianapolis laboratory supervised by bioarcheologists and forensic anthropology professionals meeting the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and the physical anthropology qualifications under 312 IAC 22-3-4. These anthropologists have previously worked at African American burial sites in other areas of the country and are considered experts in the field. 

In addition, the Community Advisory Group includes experts in African American history and genealogy, local history and law, and 19th-century burials.

If it is determined that African American remains are encountered, the City will collaborate with local stakeholders to determine an appropriate monument and/or historical marker at the location of the re-interment and/or at the location of the burial ground. The project has areas presently set aside for markers or art.

The African American Burial Grounds Preservation Act establishes a program at the National Park Service to provide grant opportunities and technical assistance to local partners to research, identify, survey, and preserve these cemeteries. Therefore, the Act focuses on a study of how to recognize African American Burial Grounds, so it is not yet clear how to pursue recognition.

• Borings: A method to collect a soil sample that involves drilling holes into the ground which can show soil stratigraphy, or the study of rock layers
• Corings: A method to collect a soil sample that involves long, thin plastic tubes pressed into the ground with heavy equipment
• Earth Retention Systems/Shoring: A method to temporarily support a building, structure, or an excavation trench; this project will use a soldier pile & lagging system to protect workers in the trench

• Accidental Discovery: The unintentional and unplanned finding of human remains on an excavation site

• Artifact: An object made, used, and/or modified by humans; the evidence of human behavior

• Comingled Remains: When the human remains of more than one decedent become intermixed; this can occur due to a collapsed grave on top of another grave, two or more decedents were originally buried together, or the disturbance of graves due to utility work, construction, previous relocation efforts, etc.

• Context: The position of an artifact or a feature within the soil, its location, and its relationship to human remains, other artifacts and features, and related activities

• Excavation: The systematic recovery of archaeological deposits through the removal and screening of soil; test excavations are referred to as Phase II and large-scale excavations are referred to as Phase III in archaeological surveys

• Exhumation: The act of digging up something that is buried, including human remains

• GPR/Geophysical Surveys: A non-invasive radio wave technology used to create images of what is beneath the surface; in archaeology, it is used to predict what may be found, such as burial shafts or burial vaults, when excavating

• Grave Shaft: A burial area consisting of a rectangular pit with vertical sides; also known as a grave, a grave shaft can contain one, multiple, or no human remains within it

• Material Culture: Physical items such as artifacts, burial objects, and tombstones, headstones, or other grave markers

• Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI): The lowest number of individuals buried at an archaeological site; determined by estimating how many individual humans are represented in the grouping of bones that have been disturbed

• Reinterment: The act of reburying an individual’s remains after being removed from their original burial location

• Survey: The systematic recovery and documentation of archaeological information including site locations, artifacts, and so on by inspecting the surface of the ground; referred to as Phase I of archaeological surveying

• Monitoring Plan: The document submitted to the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) for approval that outlines how to monitor a project or program including objectives, methods, and responsibilities for the accidental discovery of human remains
• Excavation Plan: The document submitted to the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) for approval that outlines the methods, steps, and responsibilities of an excavation project anticipating the discovery of human remains
• Reburial Plan: The document submitted to the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) for approval that outlines the methods and responsibilities of reinterment, or reburial, of excavated human remains to a new burial place